Classification of Chinese Jade

There are two types of Jade. One is nephrite (nephrite originated from Greece, and it means kidney because it was believed that if one hangs the nephrite around the waist it can heal kidney diseases ) and the other is jadeite.

There are five classes of Chinese nephrite: Lantian Jade, Nanyang Jade, Jiouquan Jade, Youyan Jade, Hetian Jade. The density of nephrite is from 2.44 to 3.18 g/cm3.

1. Lantian Jade: It is originated from Lantian Town, Shanxi province. It has yellow, light green color, not transparent, its hardness is around 4, it is a variety of amphibole minerals, and its density is about 2.44 to 3.18 g/cm3.

2. Nanyang Jade: It is also called “Dushan Jade”. It is originated from Nanyang City, Henan province. It has a monoclinic crystal, it has fine texture, pure, glass-like lustrous radiant, it is transparent or semi-transparent, it has a hardness of 5.5 to 6.5, it has various colors, and its density is 2.44 to 3.18 g/cm3.

3. Jiouquan Jade: It is originated from Qilian Mountain, Ganshu province. It is a variety of amphibole minerals, it is semi-transparent, it is typically exhibit green color, it has uniformly distributed black dots, its hardness is 4.5 to 5, and its density is 2.44 to 3.18 g/cm3.4. Youyan Jade: It is originated form Youyan town, Liaoning province. It is a variety of serpentine jade, its chemical fomula is Mg6[Si4010](OH)8, it is semi-transparent, it has wax-like lustrous after polishing, its hardness is 3.5 to 5.5, its density is 2.44 to 3.18 g/cm3, and its reflective index is 1.555 to 1.573.

4.Xiuyan Jade: It is originated form Youyan town, Liaoning province. It is a variety of serpentine jade, its chemical fomula is Mg6[Si4010](OH)8, it is semi-transparent, it has wax-like lustrous after polishing, its hardness is 3.5 to 5.5, its density is 2.44 to 3.18 g/cm3, and its reflective index is 1.555 to 1.573.

5. Hetian Jade: Hetian Jade is produced in Xinjiang province, from Shache to Tashenku'ergan and from Hetian to Yuzhen which are located in the north of the 1600-kilometer long Kulun Mountain. There are 9 originating areas for Hetian Jade. Hetian Jade is made of nephrite, a silicate of calcium and magnesium. It is a fibrous variety of the amphibole mineral series actinolite to tremolite, usually closer to actinolite. Its chmical formula is Ca2(Mg, Fe2+)5(Si4011)2(OH)2. It has a monoclinic crystal structure. It has green, black, brown, and beige colors. The Hetian jade is opaque, and has lustrous wax-like appearance after polishing. It has a hardness between 5.5 to 6.5. Its refractive index is 1.606 - 1.632, and density is 2.9 -3.1 g/cm3.

The emerald is a natrium and aluminum silicate; being of a fibrous, compact crystal compound, It belonged to jadeite. Its molecular formula is NaAl[Si2O6]. The jadeite is one of the most familar rare produced mineral diopside category in the nature. It belonged to monocline crystal category. The crystal shape is puncheon shape, fibrous structure minicrystal compound. Its color is various. The major color is green, red, purple, blue, yellow, gray, black and achromatism, etc. According to the green hue, brightness and saturation, apple green, onions heart green, spinage green, oil green, gray green, etc. From glass luster to axunge luster; translulence to opacity. Its refraction rate is between 1.16-1.68. Double refractive index is between 0.012-0.020. No multicolor character. The rigidity is between 6.5-7 degree. Density is between 3.25-3.4g/cm3. The toughness is great strong.

JADE SUMMARY

Jadeware a rare spray of Chinese art, is one of the gems which shine splendidly among the treasure trove of Chinese historical relics. Dating back to as early as the period of the Hemdu Culture of Neolithic Age, the Chinese jadeware lated for seven thousand years running. In primitive society, there were handicraft jade works in North and West Europpe, in Lake Baikal, among Indians of South and North Americas and Maoris of New Zealand, but they all did not survive very long, and therefore, could not be mentioned in the same breath with Chinese jadeware.
Jade article caught the fancy of the ancient Chinese people chiefly because of its adamant substance, beautiful colors and slick surface. In the old time, any of the lustrous and rich-colored mineral ores was called "jade" by the ancient Chinese; nowadays, however, we know from scientific analysis of mineral components that jade can roughly be divided into two major kinds: the nephrite and the jadeite. Nephrite is a calcium and magnercium silicate; being of a fibrous structure, it belongs to the category of hornblende. The specific gravity nearing 3, it is more adamant than most of other mineral ores except diamond and quartz. Jadeite is a sodium and aluminium silicate, of a compact crystalline structure, belonging to the kind of pyroxene. Its specific gravity amounting to 3.33, it is harder than nephrite . Both nephrite and jadeite would be colourless to white if unaffected by other factors , but usually they are variegated and multi-coloured , showing a gamut of natural hues, because they are mixed up with other elements and are under the infection and encroachment of them In ancient China , there were a good number of places where jade was produced: they are chiefly Hetian , Xinjiang ; Dushan of Nanyang , Henan Youyan , Liaoning , etc.
In ancient China , there was a variety of jade articles for various purposes , covering many fields of social life. At first , in virtue of its adamant substance and beautiful hues , it was used as appliances and adornments. Owing to the rarity of the raw material and difficulty in its manufacturing , it was exceptionally valued by those who owned it. When the primitive religion was emerging , people used jade articles as ritual wares to be dedicated to gods and ghosts . In class society, the rulers offered sacrifices to heaven and earth and their ancestors with ritual articles which were all made of jade. Jade was considered "the most precious treasure of the nation ". Besides, in feudal society, nearly all important things had something to do with jade: the pageant equipages that exhibited majesty and sublimity; the ensigns and medals that indicated ranks of nobility and dignity ; the tokens and tallies that warranted royal edict of other important decrees ; the writ used in grand ceremonies, such as worshipping the god of Taishan; the cevenant in grand meetings of sovereigns to form alliances; the credentials of posthumous conferment of sovereigns to form alliances; the credentials of posthumous conferment or obituary statement of anemperor or an empress; utensila in a scholar's reading room for appreciation and decoration; and other necessaries of daily life, all these things were either directly made of jade , or partly furnished with it.
Why was jadeware so much valued and lasting of so long a time in the Chinese history ? Aside from the reasons that it has excellent natural attributes, such as adamant substance and beautiful colors, the more important reason is that people extended its natural attributes into the social realm, bestowing a virtuous attribute to jade. So it was particularly stressed in ancient China that a gentleman should not part with his jadeware without rhyme or reason, in order to show how clean and flawless, honest and upright he was. Additionally, on occasions such as religious consecration, court audience ceremonies, etc. Jade was both the scepter of the supreme governor, and the symbol of the various high-ranked officials of the state.
From archaeological excavations we know that there were no jadewares discovered in the Paleolithic Period. This is because the them productive forces were rather at a very low level and their technique which was marked with chipped atone implements, was unable to process and shape the jade material, which was too hard to be carved without polishing, when human society had stepped into the Neolithic Period, When people began to lean, through long accumulation of productive experiences, the art of polishing, rubbing, engraving, boring, cutting and sawing, especially, the last process in manufacturing a jade ware, that is, polishing, (probably with the tiny particles of grit, to make the surface of jadeware look more smooth and clean) and when people's manufacturing technique got more and more advanced, that the Chinese people began to deal with the harder and tougher materials like jade , bone and horn; and after they had learned to use the arenaceous quartz to process and polish the material , a jadeware was finally shaped . From then on, an epoch of jade manufacturing was pioneered, This might be called the embryonic period.
However , in the sites of the Hongshan Culture which scattered in Northeast and Inner Mongolia of China , the Dawenkou Culture of the Shangdong Area, and the majiabang Culture , Songze Culture and the Liangzhu Culture along the southeastern Coast of China , large amounts of jadewares were unearthed, of which the jade dragon of the Hongshan Culture and the jade "cong" of the Liangzhu Culture , are the most exquisite , representing the highest attainment of jadeware manufacturing of the primitive society of China Meanwhile, We can see evidently from the palpable marks left on the surface of the two "bi" of the Liangzhu Culture , that the primitive people knew the application of the rotation wheels and must have used them in the polishing of jadewares. Obviously, the jade manufacturing had entered a new era, and began to be separated from stone workmanship at large and became an independent art.
Since the slave society came into being in China , the jade manufacturing technique had made a great stride along with the emergence of the bronze implements . We have found in the stratum of the Xia_dynasty Culture of the site of Erlitou, Yanshi County, Henan Province, a large number of peculiar bronze implements: there are, fro example, a jigsaw for cutting , the bit and the tube of a drill , a rotation wheel for polishing stones, etc. All these things show clearly that the skilled application of these implements would have greatly facilitated the manufacture of jadewres and made a progress in its craftsmanship, with the result that a more regular and precise formation, a more labour and time-saving polishing and a more smooth-faces and neatly patterned looks of a jadeware had been achieved. In the meantime, owing to the increasing need of jadeware be the slave owner , the jade manufacturing became more and more centralized into the metropolis and important cities , forming itself gradually into a separate and specialized trade of handicraft , Thence the jadeware manufacturing had stepped into its burgeoning period.
The jade articles unearthed in the Erlitou cultural site belong to the Xia and the early Shang Dynasties, They are of a number of types: for example, there are the jade dagger-axe; the jade knife; the jade battle-axe; the jade "gui"; the jade tablet; the jade "yuan"(something like a "bi", but with a larger hole and a narrower rim); the jade handle. etc. All of them being exquisitely manufactured . The jade articles of pageant equipages and ritual wares were mostly evolved from weapons and tools of prodection , The jade dagger-axe, unearthed at the Laoniupo site of early Shang Dynasty, In the East suburbs of XI'an, could serve as an example . It was exquisitely polished and regularly shaped. And used only as a non-practicable pageant equipage, In the tombs of later Shang Dynasty, Unearthed jadewares are numbered by thousands . In the Tomb of Fuhao alone of the Yin Dynasty Ruins of Anyang County , there were as many as 755 articles of jasewares unearthed in 1976, These jade articles fall into six major kinds they are ritual wares pageant equipages, tools, life necessaries, decorations and miscellanies. Besides, there are many jade decorations in the round, liked the jade figurine , the jade dragon, jade tiger, jade elephant, jade crane, etc. All being artistic rarities exquisitely polished and realistically engraved. The jade figurine looks a little dull at the first sight, but when you look at it more carefully, there seems to be a hideous expression on its face.
Succeeding to the Shang Dynasty's technique, the jadewres of the western Zhou Dynasty had a similar jadeware workmanship to that of later Shang Dynasty . But from the middle period onward, they began to form a style of their own, little by little. In the manufacturing of jadewares, In comparison with jadewarees of the Shang Dynasty, theirs seen to be more simplified and more exaggerative, more vivid and lifelike.
Up until the Eastern Zhou Dynasty , the jadewares had undergone a change in their style: unlike those simple and succinct ones of the Western Zhou Dynasty, they were decorated with patterns more complicated and variable; and look more majestic and gorgeous; the detailed parts also changed their patterns from plane to low relief; and the decorations are mostly in designs of coiled dragons. Whirls, animal masks, etc. very similar to that on the bronze wares, All these changes, after all had laid a foundation for the future evolution of jadewares in the Warring States Period.
During the Springs and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, China was in a historical era of social transformation, and feudalism was gradually established in China proper . After the disintegration of the seven Chinese history , under the Qin regime( Which was soon superseded by the Han regime ) was set up. At this time , because of the widespread application of the steel and iron implements. The tools used in jade manufacturing were also improved; especially, because the innovation of wheelsaccelerated the speed of its rotation, coupled with the adoption of emery which is harder than jade, in the polishing of jade articles, the technique of jade manufacturing was given a great impetus and was making advances by leaps and bounds. During this time, the jadeware manufacturing in China was made more and more perfect and had stepped into a new period of speedy development.
During the Qin and Han Dynasties, when the state power of the feudal regime was in its heyday, a new artistic style on the manufacturing of jadewares, a style of fortitude and magnitude, naturalness and unconstraineding , directly opposite to the meticulous and delicate style of the preceding period, had gradually come into being, The manufacturing artis and design of art, extricated itself from the mysterious and oracular atmosphere of religion ever since the Shang and Zhou Dynasties, and had found a new way of development in the wide-spread application of the technique of hollow engraving , relief and openwork, under the impact of the realistic art of painting.

What distinguishes good JADE?

For collectors as well as jewellery lovers, jade is a fascinating gemstone. In Asia, above all, it is collected as an antique. Besides the quality of the gem and its processing, religion and faith also play an important role. In the West, many people prefer to collect jade in the form of snuff-boxes, cigarette holders, small bowls or rings. Since each collector has his or her own taste and his or her own likings with regard to colour, style and shape, it is no easy matter giving definite advice on the purchase of jade objects.

However, jade is, at the same time, a wonderful gem, not only in its traditional guise, but also in more modern designs. Especially in recent years, creative jewellery and gemstone producers have come up with some wonderful, up-to-date jewellery design, thus sprucing up the image of jade, which had had rather a traditional character for quite some time.

In general, the value of jade is determined according to its colour and the intensity of that colour, the vivacity and texture, and its clarity and transparency. Likings for particular colours vary very considerably from region to region and culture to culture. In green jade alone, the connoisseurs differentiate between seven main qualities, from the intense, even green of imperial jade, via apple green and spinach green, all the way to the lighter and to more heavily speckled shades of green. These special nuances often overlap and can hardly be recognised by the untrained eye. In the USA and Europe, emerald green, spinach green and apple green are regarded as particularly valuable. In the Far East, on the other hand, pure white or a fine yellow with a delicate pink undertone is highly esteemed. In the world of jewellery, the fine violet nuances of lavender jade are very popular. It is however the rare, emerald green of imperial jade, which shines through at the edges, a colour of incredible depth, which fetches the highest prices. Unfortunately, since not only good and natural jade is offered for sale, but often fake or poor-quality products or stones which have been coloured or otherwise treated, it is advisable to buy good jade only from reputable dealers and jewellers, whether the purchase is being made for a collection or as an individual piece of jewellery.

Symbolic energy and beauty, the traditional and the modern are combined in jade in a particularly harmonious way. And in gemstone therapy it is said that jade 'stimulates creativity and mental agility on the one hand, while also having a balancing and harmonising effect.' So this beautiful gemstone brings us joy, vivacity and happiness all at the same time – and what, in our times, could we possibly need more?

JADE: from raw material to finished product

Jadeite is rarer than nephrite and is therefore regarded as more precious. Nephrite deposits have been found in China, New Zealand, Russia, Guatemala and the Swiss Alps. Dark green jade, so-called Canada jade, is also found in Western Canada. Jadeite is found in China, Russia and Guatemala, but the best stones come from Burma, now known as Myanmar. There, at the annual 'Gems, Jade and Pearls Emporium', blocks of jade in all sizes are auctioned. When purchasing the raw materials, the dealers need to be fairly lucky, since the nodules, blocks and fragments are sold either whole or after having been cut into slices, and there is only a very small window, the result of some initial grinding. So the buyer cannot see exactly what is hidden on the inside: valuable green jade, or an almost worthless, speckled or streaky material. It is not until the cutting process begins that the real quality is revealed.

In the jade-cutting centres of Canton, Beijing and Hong Kong, the raw material is processed with carborundum and diamond powder. Since jade is, as a rule, not transparent, but has a fine lustre, the cabochon is the form best suited to it. Thin slivers, which can be worn as pendants, and jade bracelets are popular too. Round, cylindrical and flat shapes can be combined to make attractive necklaces. Traditionally, jade is processed into slender figures, filigree images or thin-walled vessels. This is sometimes erroneously referred to as jade carving. Unwanted material is in fact removed during the cutting process, and the stone is subsequently polished. Here once again we see the subtle difference between nephrite and jadeite: whilst polished nephrite has a surface with a resinous lust

What is JADE?

'Jade', or yu, as it is called in China, is strictly speaking a generic term for two different gems, nephrite and jadeite. The name is derived from the Spanish 'piedra de ijada', loin-stone, jade having been recognised by the Amerindians as a remedy for kidney ailments. Because of its beneficial effect on the kidneys, the stone was also known as 'lapis nephriticus'. That, indeed, is where the term 'nephrite' came from.

Jadeite and nephrite are both regarded in China as 'zhen yu', 'genuine jade'. It was not until the beginning of the 19th century that mineralogists and gemmologists started to differentiate between them, since they bear a considerable resemblance to each other in terms of their appearance, their hardness and the properties they exhibit when being processed. Both are tough, since they consist of dense, close-grained, matted aggregates, but they differ from one another in their chemical composition and colours. Nephrite ranges mainly from mid to dark green or grey-green, but it can also be white, yellowish or reddish. Rarer, and somewhat tougher, jadeite displays hues which include green, but also white or pink, and reds, blacks, browns and violets. In both minerals, the way the colour is distributed varies a great deal. Only in the very finest jade is the colour evenly distributed. Both nephrite and jadeite often have veins, blemishes and streaks running through them, though these may not always be regarded as flaws. On the contrary, some of these patterns are considered particularly valuable.

The myth of jade

Jade – a gemstone of unique symbolic energy, and unique in the myths that surround it. With its beauty and wide-ranging expressiveness, jade has held a special attraction for mankind for thousands of years.

This gem, with its discreet yet rather greasy lustre, which comes in many fine nuances of green, but also in shades of white, grey, black, yellow, and orange and in delicate violet tones, has been known to Man for some 7000 years. In prehistoric times, however, it was esteemed rather more for its toughness, which made it an ideal material for weapons and tools. Yet as early as 3000 B.C. jade was known in China as 'yu', the 'royal gem'. In the long history of the art and culture of the enormous Chinese empire, jade has always had a very special significance, roughly comparable with that of gold and diamonds in the West. Jade was used not only for the finest objects and cult figures, but also in grave furnishings for high-ranking members of the imperial family. Today, too, this gem is regarded as a symbol of the good, the beautiful and the precious. It embodies the Confucian virtues of wisdom, justice, compassion, modesty and courage, yet it also symbolises the female-erotic. A visit to the jade market, be it in Hong Kong or Rangoon, or at one of the Hong Kong jade auctions organised by Christie's, can give some idea of the significance this gem has for the people of Asia.

However, as long ago as the pre-Columbian period, the Mayas, Aztecs and Olmecs of Central America also honoured and esteemed jade more highly than gold. New Zealand's Maoris began carving weapons and cult instruments from native jade in early times, a tradition which has continued to the present day. In ancient Egypt, jade was admired as the stone of love, inner peace, harmony and balance. In other regions and cultures too, jade was regarded as a lucky or protective stone; yet it had nowhere near the significance that it had in Asia, which was presumably due to the fact that people knew relatively little about this fascinating gem. Fortunately however, in recent times, people's understanding of this gem, which fascinates not only the connoisseurs by its perfect interplay of hardness and toughness with an enchanting range of colours and fine lustre, has improved; and their esteem for it has been on the increase all over the world.

Jade is an ornamental stone. The term jade is applied to two different rocks that are made up of different silicate minerals. Nephrite jade consists of the calcium- and magnesium-rich amphibole mineral actinolite (aggregates of which also make up one form of asbestos). The rock called jadeitite consists almost entirely of jadeite, a sodium- and aluminium-rich pyroxene. The trade name Jadite is sometimes applied to translucent/opaque green glass.

The English word 'jade' is derived from the Spanish term cholo (first recorded in 1565) or 'loin stone', from its reputed efficacy in curing ailments of the loins and kidneys. 'Nephrite' is derived from lapis nephriticus, the Latin version of the Spanish piedra de ijada.^[1]

Nephrite and jadeite were used by people from the prehistoric for similar purposes. Both are about the same hardness as quartz, and they are exceptionally tough. They are beautifully coloured and can be delicately shaped. Thus it was not until the 19th century that a French mineralogist determined that "jade" was in fact two different materials.

Among the earliest known jade artifacts excavated from prehistoric sites are simple ornaments with bead, button, and tubular shapes^[2]. Additionally, jade was used for axe heads, knives, and other weapons. As metal-working technologies became available, the beauty of jade made it valuable for ornaments and decorative objects. Jade has a Mohs hardness of between 6.5 and 7.0,^[3] so it can be worked with quartz or garnet sand, and polished with bamboo or even ground jade.

Nephrite can be found in a creamy white form (known in China as "mutton fat" jade) as well as in a variety of green colours, whereas jadeitite shows more colour variations, including blue, lavender-mauve, pink, and emerald-green colours. Of the two, jadeite is rarer, documented in fewer than 12 places worldwide. Translucent emerald-green jadeitite is the most prized variety, both now and historically. As "quetzal" jade, bright green jadeitite from Guatemala was treasured by Mesoamerican cultures, and as "kingfisher" jade, vivid green rocks from Burma became the preferred stone of post-1800 Chinese imperial scholars and rulers. Burma (Myanmar) and Guatemala are the principal sources of modern gem jadeitite, and Canada of modern lapidary nephrite. Nephrite jade was used mostly in pre-1800 China as well as in New Zealand, the Pacific Coast and Atlantic Coasts of North America, Neolithic Europe, and south-east Asia. In addition to Mesoamerica, jadeitite was used by Neolithic Japanese and European cultures.

Jade is the official gemstone of British Columbia, where it is found in large deposits in the Lillooet and Cassiar regions. It is also the official gemstone of the state of Alaska, found particularly in the Kobuk area. A two ton block of jade sits outside the Anchorage Visitor’s Center in downtown Anchorage, Alaska, mined from near Kobuk and donated to the city as a showpiece. Jade is also the state gemstone of Wyoming, U.S.A.

Other Names for Jadeite

Synonyms:	Yunnan Jade
French names:	Agate verdâtre
German names:	Jadeit Natronjadeit
Russian names:	Жадеит
Spanish names:	Jadeita
Varieties:	Chromojadeite Soda Jadeite Titanian Jadeite

Relationship of Jadeite to other Species

Related Minerals - Nickel-Strunz Grouping):

9.DA.05	Donpeacorite	(Mn 2+ ,Mg)Mg[SiO 3 ] 2
9.DA.05	Enstatite	Mg 2 [SiO 3 ] 2
9.DA.05	Ferrosilite	Fe 2 [SiO 3 ] 2
9.DA.05	Akimotoite	(Mg,Fe 2+ )SiO 3
9.DA.10	Clinoenstatite	Mg 2 [Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.10	Clinoferrosilite	Fe 2+ (Fe 2+ ,Mg)[Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.10	Kanoite	Mn 2+ (Mg,Mn 2+ )[Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.10	Pigeonite	(Mg,Fe 2+ ,Ca)(Mg,Fe 2+ )[Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.15	Augite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe 2+ ,Al,Fe 3+ ,Ti)[(Si,Al) 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.15	Diopside	CaMg[Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.15	Esseneite	CaFe 3+ [AlSiO 6 ]
9.DA.15	Hedenbergite	CaFe 2+ [Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.15	Johannsenite	CaMn 2+ [Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.15	Petedunnite	Ca(Zn,Mn 2+ ,Mg,Fe 2+ )[Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.20	Aegirine-augite	(Na,Ca)(Fe,Fe,Mg,Al)Si 2 O 6
9.DA.20	Omphacite	(Ca,Na)(Mg,Al)[Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.25	Aegirine	NaFe 3+ [Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.25	Jervisite	(Na,Ca,Fe 2+ )(Sc,Mg,Fe 2+ )[Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.25	Kosmochlor	NaCr[Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.25	Namansilite	NaMn 3+ [Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.25	Natalyite	Na(V 3+ ,Cr)[Si 2 O 6 ]
9.DA.30	Spodumene	LiAl[Si 2 O 6 ]

Related Minerals - Hey's Index Grouping:

16.2.1	Albite	Na[AlSi 3 O 8 ]
16.2.2	Analcime	Na 2 [Al 2 Si 4 O 12 ] · 2H 2 O
16.2.3	Ussingite	Na 2 AlSi 3 O 8 OH
16.2.4	Paragonite	NaAl 2 [(OH) 2 |AlSi 3 O 10 ]
16.2.5	Natrolite	Na 2 [Al 2 Si 3 O 10 ] · 2H 2 O
16.2.6	Tetranatrolite
16.2.7	Paranatrolite	Na 2 Al 2 Si 3 O 10 ·3H 2 O
16.2.8	Ephesite	NaLiAl 2 [(OH) 2 |Al 2 Si 2 O 10 ]
16.2.9	Rectorite	(Na,Ca)Al 4 (Si,Al) 8 O 20 (OH) 4 ·2H 2 O
16.2.11	Brammallite	Na 0.65 Al 2.0 ٱAl 0.65 Si 3.35 O 10 (OH) 2

References for Jadeite

Reference List:

Prewitt, C.T. & Charles Wilson Burnham (1964), Crystal structure of jadeite, NaAlSi2O6 (abstract): Geological Society of America Program, Miami, Florida, meeting: 156, November 1964.

Prewitt, C.T. & Charles Wilson Burnham (1966), The crystal structure of jadeite, NaAlSi2O6. American Mineralogist: 51: 956-975.

Clark, J.R., D.E. Appleman, and J.J. Papike (1969) Crystal-chemical characterization of clinopyroxenes based on eight new structure refinements. MSA Special Paper 2: 31-50.

Cameron, M., S. Shigeho, C.T. Prewitt & J.J. Papike (1973), High temperature crystal chemistry of acmite, diopside, hedenbergite, jadeite, spodumene and ureyite: American Mineralogist: 58: 594-618.

Rossi, G., Smith, D.C., Ungaretti, L., and Domeneghetti, M.C. (1983) Crystal-chemistry and cation ordering in the system diopside-jadeite: a detailed study by crystal structure refinement. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology: 83: 247-258

Localities for Jadeite

Brazil
Southeast Region Minas Gerais Andrelândia	Chris D. Parkinson et al. , " Ultrahigh-pressure pyrope-kyanite granulites and associated eclogites in Neoproterozoic nappes of southeast Brazil", 2001, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, http://akmotoki.tripod.com/2001/Waseda/Cdp.html
Três Pontas	Chris D. Parkinson et al. , " Ultrahigh-pressure pyrope-kyanite granulites and associated eclogites in Neoproterozoic nappes of southeast Brazil", 2001, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, http://akmotoki.tripod.com/2001/Waseda/Cdp.html
Canada
Newfoundland and Labrador Labrador Red Wine Alkaline Complex
Québec Grenville Province Shabogamo	C. Lemanski, Jr. (re-entry of lost Mindat data).
China
Anhui Province Anqing Prefecture Qianshan Co. Shuanghe	American Mineralogist, Volume 87, pages 875-881, 2002, KAI YE et al. "Ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) low-Al titanites from carbonate-bearing rocks in Dabieshan-Sulu UHP terrane, eastern China".
Susong Co. Changpu	www.scienceinchina.com/ky/0008/ky0748.pdf.
Yuexi Co. Wumiao Leucocratic gneiss outcrops	A.I. Okay et al. , Eur. J. Mineral. , 1989, 1, pp. 595-598.
Marble quarry Eclogite outcrops
Lu'an Prefecture Shou Co. Yankou complex	Am. Min. , V 90, pp. 801-813, 2005 / Journal of Petrology, June 2004, V 45, N° 6, pp. 1125-1145.
Jiangsu Province Lianyungang Prefecture Donghai Co. Jianchang	Oberti, R., Boiocchi, M., and Smith, D.C. (2003): Mineralogical Magazine 67(4), 769-782.
Xinjiang (Xinjiang-Uygur) Autonomous Region Bayin'gholin (Bayingolin; Bayinguoleng) Autonomous Prefecture Ruoqiang Co. Yinggelisayi area Granitoid gneiss outcrops	Zhang Anda, Liu Liang, Sun Yong, Chen Danling, Wang Yan, and Luo Jinhai (2004): Chinese Science Bulletin 49(23), 2527-2532.
Ili Kazakh (Yili Hasake) Autonomous Prefecture Akeyazhi River valley	Wei Lin and Masaki Enami (2006): Island Arc 15(4), 483-502.
France
Pays de Loire Vendée	www.scienceinchina.com/ky/0008/ky0748.pdf.
Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur Hautes-Alpes Guillestre Château Queyras Le Guil valley
Germany
Saxony Erzgebirge Pockau Forchheim Saidenbach reservoir	Massonne, H.-J. & Nasdala, L. (2003): American Mineralogist (2003), 88, 883-889
Greece
Aegean Islands (Aiyaíon) Department Kykládes Prefecture Cyclade Islands (Cyclades; Kikladhes; Nomos Kikladhon) Sifnos Island East cost	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1992, 4, pp. 619-634.
Vroulidia Bay	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1992, 4, pp. 619-634.
Syros Island (Syra)
Peloponnese (Peloponnisos) Department Lakonia (Laconia) Prefecture Neapolis	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1991, 3, pp. 343-366.
Guatemala
Jalapa Department Quebrada Seca
Motagua Valley Sierra de las Minas
Italy
Aosta Valley Nus Saint-Barthélemy Varenche Mine	• Barresi, A.A., Kolitsch, U., Ciriotti, M.E., Ambrino, P., Bracco, R., Bonacina, E. (2005): La miniera di manganese di Varenche (Aosta, Italia nord-occidentale): ardennite, arseniopleite, manganberzeliite, pirofanite, sarkinite, thortveitite, nuovo As-Sc-analogo della metavariscite e altre specie. Micro (località), 2/2005, 81-122.
Pont Saint-Martin Perloz	Ch. Robert et al. , Bull. Minéral. , 1985, 108, pp. 699-711.
Saint-Marcel Prabornaz Mine (Praborna Mine)	Kienast, J.R. & Martin, S. (1983): I pirosseni egirin-giadeitici del livello basale di Praborna, Alpi occidentali. Ofioliti, 8(2), 245-260.
Liguria Genova Province Genova Varenna Valley San Pietro	Antofilli, Borgo, Palenzona, 1985. I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria. Edizioni Melita, La Spezia.
Voltri	Antofilli, Borgo, Palenzona, 1985. I nostri minerali. Geologia e mineralogia in Liguria. Edizioni Melita, La Spezia.
Piedmont Cuneo Province Dora Maira Massif Varaita Valley Colle delle Sagneres	R. Lefèvre and A. Michard, Bull. Soc. Franç. Minér. Crist., 1965, LXXXVIII, pp. 664-677.
Isasca	T. Hirajima and R. Compagnoni : "Petrology of a jadeite-quartz-almandine-phengite fels with retrograde ferro-nyböite from the Dora-Maira Massif, Western Alps", Eur. Journ. Mineral., 1993, 5, pp 943-955.
Punta Rasciassa	http://www.ngu.no/FileArchive/165/2003_055.pdf Geological Survey of Norway / The Alice Wain Memorial West Norway Eclogite Field Symposium / Abstract Volume p. 37.
Varaita Valley Sant'Anna di Bellino	R. Lefèvre and A. Michard, Bull. Soc. Franç. Minér. Crist., 1965, LXXXVIII, pp. 664-677.
Torino Province Sesia-Lanzo zone Cuorgnè Pont Canavese	Ch. Robert et al. , Bull. Minéral. , 1985, 108, pp. 699-711.
Lanzo Valley Lanzo Massif Balangero - Corio area Malone Valley Micaschist outcrops	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1989, 1, pp. 89-104.
Paraschist outcrops	Eur. J. Mineral (1989): 1: 89-104.
Rocca Canavese Orco Valley "Gneiss Minuti" outcrops	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1989, 1, pp. 89-104.
Thrust-sheet outcrops	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1989, 1, pp. 89-104.
Soana valley Paraschist outcrops	Eur. J. Mineral (1989): 1: 89-104.
Tesso Valley	Eur. J. Mineral. , 1989, 1, pp. 89-104.
Japan
Honshu Island Chubu Region Niigata Prefecture Itoigawa	[var: Titanian Jadeite] [MinRec 33:168]
Kotaki River (Kotakigawa)	Lapis (2003): (1), 50.
Ohmi Oyashirazu beach	Miyajima et al. (2001) Mineralogical Magazine 65, 111-120; Miyajima et al. (1999) Mineralogical Magazine 63, 909-916.
Chugoku region Okayama prefecture Ohsa-cho Mt Ohsa (Ohsayama; Osayama)
Kyushu Island Kumamoto Prefecture Yatsushiro City Izumi	Saito, M. & Miyazaki, K. (2006) Bulletin of the Geological Survey of Japan, 57, #5-6.
Shikoku Island Kochi Prefecture Kochi City Engyouji (Engyoji)	Fossa Magna Museum, Itoigawa city (map and poster display)
Kazakhstan
Itmurundy	[MinRec 32:42]
Myanmar (Burma)	C.R.Acad.Sci.Paris (1863) 56, 861
	C.R.Acad.Sci.Paris (1863) 56, 861
Kachin State Myitkyina-Mogaung District Khy-Siu mine
Lonkin
Maw-Sisa
Mogaung
Phakant (Hpakan; Hpakant; Phakan) Phakant Mine
Sankhar Mine
Sate Mu (Sine Naung)
Seng Tong
Tawmaw (Tawhmaw; Taw Maw)
Mandalay Division Sagaing District Mogok Ohngaing (Ohn Gaing; Ohn Kai)	No reference listed
Norway
Sogn og Fjordane Selje Liset
Pacific Ocean
East Pacific Rise Hess Deep chromitite	Contr. Min. Petr. (1998) 131, (2-3), 111 - 122.
Papua New Guinea
West Irian Jaya Manokwari	[var: Chromojadeite] www.websters-dictionary-online.org/definition/english/as/astridite.html
Russia
Eastern-Siberian Region Khakassia Republic (Khakassy Republic; Khakassiya Republic) Sayano-Shushenskaya dam
Saha Republic (Sakha Republic; Yakutia) Aldan Shield	[World of Stones 12:49]
Western-Siberian Region Tyumenskaya Oblast' Polar Urals Kechpel	[MinRec 32:42]
Kharp Pusyerka (Lot 88)
Slovak Republic
Banská Bystrica Region Western Slovenské Rudohorie Mts Hnúšťa	Koděra et all.,1990: Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, I-III, 1590p
Kosice Region Eastern Slovenské Rudohorie Mts Medzev	Koděra, M. et al., 1986 a 1990 : Topografická mineralógia Slovenska, diel 1- 3, Veda – Vydavateľstvo SAV, Bratislava, 1990, 1 – 1590k
Spain
Galicia A Coruña (La Coruña) Malpica La Pioza Piedras del Tourallo	J.I. Gil Ibarguchi, Eur. Journ. Mineral. , 1995, 7, pp. 403-415.
Switzerland
Wallis (Valais) Zermatt - Saas Fee area	American Mineralogist, Volume 90, pages 821–835, 2005
Saas Valley Saas Almagell Allalin area	Christian Bracke Collection
USA
California Mendocino Co.
Cloverdale Russian River	www.mineralsocal.org
Monterey Co. Big Sur Cape San Martin Jade Cove	www.mineralsocal.org
San Benito Co. New Idria District Clear Creek area	T. Tsujimori et al., Paper N° 21-6, The Geological Society of America, Joint Meeting Cordilleran Section and Pacific Section, 101st Annual Meeting, 29 April-1 May 2005, San Jose, California.
Clear Creek deposits	www.mineralsocal.org
Victor claim (Victor Mine)
Santa Clara Co. Diablo Range Mines Road cross section
Pancheco Pass
Sonoma Co. Cloverdale	Harvard Museum of Natural History, no.124675
North Carolina	A Listing of North Carolina Minerals- Leonard S. Wiener and Sigrid Ballew-1995
Mitchell Co. Cane Creek Section Bakersville	Thetmobarometry of Eclogites from the Eastern Blue Ridge North Carolina,Paper No.105-0,Essene,E.J,Mukasa, S.B.University of Michigan
Oklahoma Dewey Co.	Jay Ellis Ransom,1974,Gems and Minerals of America
Major Co.	Jay Ellis Ransom,1974,Gems and Minerals of America
South Dakota Custer Co.	Jay Ellis Ransom,1974, Gems and Minerals of America
Washington Skagit Co. Finney Creek	www.stonetrails.com
Mount Vernon Stephens Mine	Rocks & Min.: 14:112-113.
Snohomish Co. Eagle Creek	Minerals of Washington, Bart Cannon, 1975
Uzbekistan
Buxoro (Bukhara) Viloyati Bukhara meteorite	www.meteoriticalsociety.org/bulletin/mb89preview.pdf.

Other Jadeite Information

References:

NAME( Sinkankas66) PHYS. PROP.(Enc. of Minerals,2nd ed.,1990) OPTIC PROP.(Heinrich65)

See Also:

Links to other databases for Jadeite : 1 -Am. Min. Crystal Structure Database 2 - Amethyst Galleries' Mineral Gallery 3 - Applied Mineralogy 4 -Athena 5 - CalTech Mineral Spectroscopy 6 - EUROmin Project 7 -Google Images 8 -Google Scholar 9 -Handbook of Mineralogy (MinSocAm) 10 -Handbook of Mineralogy (UofA) 11 -MinDAT 12 -MinMax(Deutsch) 13 -MinMax(English) 14 - Mineral and Gemstone Kingdom 15 -Mineralienatlas (Deutsch) 16 -NSDL Reciprocal Net (JAVA) 17 -QUT Mineral Atlas 18 - Tradeshop.com - The Rainbow of Gems 19 - UCLA - Petrography Thin-Sections 20 -University of Texas at Austin 21 - WWW-MINCRYST 22 -École des Mines de Paris

Jadeite Classification

Dana Class:	65.1.3c.1 (65)Inosilicate Single-Width Unbranched Chains, W=1
	(65.1)with chains P=2
	(65.1.3c)C2/c clinopyroxenes (Na clinopyroxenes)
	65.1.3c.1 Jadeite Na(Al,Fe)Si2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	65.1.3c.2 Aegirine NaFeSi2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	65.1.3c.3 Namansilite NaMn(Si2O6) C 2/c 2/m
	65.1.3c.4 Kosmochlor NaCrSi2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	65.1.3c.5 Natalyite Na(V,Cr)Si2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	65.1.3c.6 Jervisite (Na,Ca,Fe)(Sc,Mg,Fe)Si2O6 C 2/c 2/m
Strunz Class:	VIII/F.01-130 VIII - Silicates
	VIII/F - Inosilicates (chain and band) double chains [Si2O6]4-
	VIII/F.01 - Pyroxene group, Clinopyroxene
	VIII/F.01-10 Clinoenstatite Mg2Si2O6 P 21/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-20 Clinoferrosilite (Fe,Mg)2Si2O6 P 21/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-30 Kanoite (Mn,Mg)2Si2O6 P 21/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-40 Pigeonite (Mg,Fe,Ca)(Mg,Fe)Si2O6 P 21/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-50 Diopside CaMgSi2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-60 Hedenbergite CaFeSi2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-70 Johannsenite CaMnSi2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-80 Petedunnite Ca(Zn,Mn,Fe,Mg)Si2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-90 Augite (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al,Ti)(Si,Al)2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-100 Omphacite (Ca,Na)(Mg,Fe,Al)Si2O6 P 2/n 2/m
	VIII/F.01-110 Esseneite CaFeAlSiO6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-120 Spodumene LiAlSi2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-130 Jadeite Na(Al,Fe)Si2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-140 Aegirine NaFeSi2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-145 Namansilite NaMn(Si2O6) C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-150 Jervisite (Na,Ca,Fe)(Sc,Mg,Fe)Si2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-160 Natalyite Na(V,Cr)Si2O6 C 2/c 2/m
	VIII/F.01-170 Kosmochlor NaCrSi2O6 C 2/c 2/m